The 100,000 reasons for electric motors... you must be a master if you know them all!
▼Permanent magnet motors
▼ DC motors
▼Quantum Magneto
▼Single-phase induction motors
▼ How stepper motors work
▼ Balancing motors
▼The Principle of Current Generation
▼Three Phase Stator
▼ Small Electric Motors
▼Motor cut view
▼Motors
Questions and answers about the basics of electric motors
★What is electric motors?
A: An electric motor is a component that converts battery electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheels of an electric vehicle to rotate.
★What do you mean by winding?
A: The armature winding is the core part of DC motors and is a coil wound with copper enameled wire.
当电枢绕组在电动机的磁场中旋转时，它们都会产生电势。
★运动技术的磁场是什么意思？
答：在永久磁铁或电流周围发生的力场以及任何磁力可以达到的磁力空间或范围。
★磁场强度是什么意思？
答：无限长的电线的磁场强度在距电线1/2 m的距离为1/2 m的电流定义为1a/m（安培/m，国际单位SI系统）；
在CGS单位系统（CM -G -SEC）中，无限长的电线的磁场强度在与电线的距离为0.2 cm的距离为0.2 cm的电流定义为10E（奥地利），10E = 1/4.103/m，以纪念奥地利对奥地利对电子磁性的贡献，通常是磁性领域的强度。
★安培的规则是什么意思？
答：将电线握在右手中，以使拉直的拇指的方向与直流的方向相同，然后弯曲的四个手指指向的方向是电线周围磁性感应的方向。
★磁通量是什么意思？
A: Magnetic flux is also known as magnetic flux: located in a uniform magnetic field there is a plane perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, the magnetic induction strength of the magnetic field is B and the area of the plane is S.
We define the product of the magnetic induction strength B and the area S as the magnetic flux across this plane.
★What is a stator of electric motor?
A: The part of a brushed or brushless electrical motors that does not turn when it is in operation.
The electric motor shaft of a hub-type brush or brushless gearless motor is called the stator, and such induction motor may be called an internal stator motor.
★What is a rotor of electric motor?
A: The part of a brush or brushless motor that turns when it works.
The housing of a hub-type brush or brushless gearless motor is called a rotor, and such electric motor can be called an external rotor motor.
★What do you mean by carbon brushes?
A: Brush motor inside the top in the phase converter surface, the motor rotation, the electrical energy through the phase converter to the coil, because its main component is carbon, called carbon brushes, it is easy to wear.
They should be regularly maintained and replaced and cleaned of carbon build-up.
★What is a brush grip?
A: The mechanical guide groove that holds and keeps the carbon brushes in position inside a brushed motor.
★What is a phase changer?
A: Inside the brush motor, there is a mutually insulated metal surface, when the electric motor rotor rotates, the metal strip alternately touches the positive and negative poles of the brushes to achieve alternate positive and negative changes in the direction of the industrial motor coil current and complete the phase change of the brush motor coil.
★What is phase sequence?
A: The order of arrangement of brushless motor coils.
★What are magnets?
A: Magnetic material generally used to call high magnetic field strength, electric car motors are used neodymium boron rare earth magnets.
★What is electric potential?
A: It is generated by the rotor of the motor cutting the magnetic lines of force, and its direction is opposite to the applied power supply, so it is called counter-electromotive force.
★What is a brushed motor?
A: When the motor is working, the coil and commutator rotate, the magnets and carbon brushes do not rotate.
The alternating change of coil current direction is done by the commutator and brushes that rotate with the industrial motor.
In the electric vehicle industrial brush motors are divided into high speed brush motors and low speed brush motors.
There are many differences between brushed and brushless motors, from the word brush motors have carbon brushes and brushless motors do not have carbon brushes.
★What is a low-speed brush motor? What are the characteristics?
A: In the electric vehicle industry, a low-speed brushed motor is a hub-type low-speed, high-torque brushless DC motor.
Where the relative speed of the motor stator and rotor is the speed of the wheel.
The magnets on the stator are 5 to 7 pairs and the number of slots in the rotor armature is 39 to 57.
As the armature windings are fixed in the wheel casing, heat is easily dissipated by means of the rotating casing.
The rotating housing is also woven with 36 spokes, which facilitates heat transfer.
The GIS training micro-signal is worth your attention!
★What are the characteristics of a brushed and toothed motor?
A: Brush motors have brushes, and the main hidden problem is "brush wear".
So users should be aware that there are two types of brush motors, with and without teeth.
It is a high speed motor, the so-called "tooth" is through the gear reduction mechanism, the motor speed will be lowered (because the national standard stipulates that the speed of electric vehicles should not exceed 20 kilometres per hour, so the motor speed should be about 170 revolutions per minute).
As the motor is slowed down by gearing, it is characterised by a strong start-up power and a high climbing capacity.
However, the electric hub is closed and only lubricated before leaving the factory, so it is difficult for users to carry out daily maintenance. Moreover, the gears themselves have mechanical wear and tear, and in about a year, insufficient lubrication leads to increased gear wear and noise, and the current also increases during use, affecting the life of the motor and battery.
★What is a brushless motor?
由于控制器在不同电流方向上提供直流电源，以实现工业电动机内部线圈电流方向的替代变化。
无刷电动机在转子和定子之间没有刷子或换向器。
★电动机如何实现相位变化？
答：当无刷电动机或拉丝电动机旋转时，电动机内部线圈的能量方向需要交替更改，以便电动机可以连续旋转。
刷子电动机的相位更换是由换向器和刷子一起完成的，而无刷电动机由控制器完成。
★什么是相位损失？
答：无刷电动机或无刷控制器的三相电路中的一个阶段不起作用。
Phase loss is divided into main phase loss and Hall phase loss. It is manifested as the motor jittering and not working, or rotating weakly and noisily.
It is easy to burn out the controller when it is working in the phase loss condition.
★What are the common types of electric motors?
A: Common motors are: brushed geared hub motors, brushed gearless hub motors, brushless geared hub motors, brushless gearless hub motors, side hung motors, etc.
★How to distinguish from the type of electric motor is high and low speed control motors?
A: A Brushed geared hub motors and brushless geared hub motors are high speed motors.
B Brushed geared hub motors, brushless geared hub motors are low speed motors.
★How is the power of a motor defined?
A: The power of a motor is the ratio of the mechanical energy output by the motor to the electrical energy provided by the power supply.
★Why should I choose the electrical power of a motor? What is the significance of selecting the power of a motor?
A: The choice of motor power rating is a very important and complex issue.
When the load, if the rated power of the electric motor is too large, the electric motor is often in the light load operation.
The capacity of the motor itself does not fully play, into the "big horse-drawn car", while the motor operating efficiency is low, bad performance, will increase operating costs.
On the contrary, the rated power of the three phase motor is required to be small, that is, "small horse-drawn car", the motor current exceeds the rated current, the motor consumption increased, low efficiency is a small matter, the important thing is to affect the life of the motor.
Even if the overload is not much, the life of the motor will be reduced more; overload more, will destroy the insulation of the motor insulation material insulation performance or even burned.
Of course, the rated power of the motor power source is small, it may not be able to drag the load at all, which will make the motor long time in the
The motor will be in the starting state for a long time and will be overheated and damaged.
Therefore, the rated power of the motor should be selected strictly in accordance with the operating conditions of the electric vehicle.
★Why do DC brushless motors in general have three halls?
A: Briefly, in order for a brushless DC motor to rotate, there must always be a certain angle between the magnetic field of the stator coil and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet of the rotor.
The process of rotor rotation is also the process of changing the direction of the rotor's magnetic field. In order to make the angle between the two magnetic fields, the direction of the stator coil's magnetic field must change after a certain point.
So how do you know that the direction of the stator field is going to change?
That depends on the three halls.
It can be assumed that the three halls are tasked with telling the controller when to change the direction of the current.
★What is the approximate range of power consumption of a brushless motor Hall?
A: The approximate power consumption of a brushless motor Hall ranges from 6m A to 20m A.
★How high can a motor normally operate at? What is the maximum temperature that the motor can withstand?
A: If the temperature of the low voltage motor cover exceeds the ambient temperature by more than 25 degrees.
It means that the temperature rise of the motor is beyond the normal range, and generally the motor temperature rise should be below 20 degrees.
Generally motor coils are made of enamelled wire, and when the temperature of the enamelled wire is above 150 degrees, the enamel film will fall off due to the high temperature, causing a short circuit in the coil.
When the coil temperature is above 150°C the motor casing shows a temperature of around 100°C, so if the casing temperature is used as a basis the maximum temperature the energy efficiency motor can withstand is 100°C.
★The temperature of the electric motor should be below 20 degrees Celsius?
i.e. the temperature of the electric motors end cover over the ambient temperature should be less than 20 degrees Celsius, but what is the reason for the electric motor to heat up over 20 degrees Celsius?
A: The direct cause of electrical motor heating is caused by high current.
Generally it may be caused by short circuit or open circuit of the coil, demagnetisation of the magnet or low efficiency of the electric motor, etc.
正常情况是，电动机长时间以高电流运行。
★是什么导致电动机加热？该过程是什么？
答：当电动机在负载下运行时，电动机内部有功率损失，这最终会变成热量，这会导致电机温度升高以上。
运动温度高于环境温度的值称为加热。
温度升高后，电动机必须将热量耗散到周围区域。温度越高，热量耗散的速度越快。
When the heat emitted by the motor unit time is equal to the heat dissipated, the electric motor temperature no longer increases, but maintains a stable and constant temperature, that is, in a state of heat generation and heat dissipation balance.
★ What is the general click allowable temperature rise? Which part of the motor is most affected by the temperature rise of the electric motor? How is it defined?
A: When the electric motor is running under load, the greater the load, i.e. the greater the output power, the better (if mechanical strength is not considered).
But the higher the output electrical power and the higher the power loss, the higher the temperature.
我们知道，电动机在承受温度的最弱的是绝缘材料，例如搪瓷线。
绝缘材料耐热性在此极限内具有极限，绝缘材料物理，化学，机械，电气和其他方面非常稳定，其工作寿命通常约为20年。
超出此限制，绝缘材料的寿命将被大大缩短甚至燃烧。该温度极限称为绝缘材料的允许温度。
绝缘材料的允许温度是电动机的允许温度。绝缘材料的寿命通常是电动机的寿命。
环境温度随时间和位置而变化，但电动机的设计基于40摄氏度的标准环境温度。
因此，绝缘材料或电动机负40摄氏度的允许温度是允许的温度升高，不同绝缘材料的允许温度不相同，根据允许的温度，电动机的常见绝缘材料为a，e，e，e，b，f，h五。根据40摄氏度的环境温度。
下表显示了这五种类型的绝缘材料及其允许的温度和温度升高。
绝缘材料允许温度允许的温度升高
浸渍的棉，丝绸，纸板，木材，电动机等，普通绝缘涂料105 65
E环氧树脂，薄膜薄膜，绿色壳纸，TRIAC，高度绝缘清漆120 80
B组合云母，石棉和具有有机漆的玻璃纤维，具有改善的耐热性，作为粘合剂130 90
F云母，石棉和玻璃纤维成分与具有极佳耐热性的环氧树脂粘合或浸渍155 115
h云母，石棉或玻璃纤维组成粘合或浸渍有机硅树脂，硅橡胶180 140
★如何测量无刷直流电动机的相角？
答：可以通过打开控制器并将控制器供应功率向霍尔元件的电源供电来检测到无刷电动机的相位角度。
The method is as follows: use the +20V DC voltage class of the multimeter, and connect the red pen to the +5V line, and the black pen to measure the high and low voltages of the three leads respectively, according to the phase change table of the 60 degree and 120 degree electric motors can be compared.
★Why can't any DC brushless controller and DC brushless motor be connected at random and turn up normally? Why is there a reverse phase sequence in DC brushless?
A: Generally speaking, The brushless DC motor in actual motion is a process of
电动机旋转 - 转子磁场方向发生变化 - 当定子磁场方向和转子磁场方向之间的角度达到60度电动角度 - 霍尔信号变化 - 相位线电流方向变化-Stator磁场越过60度电气角向前 - 柱前方磁场方向，转子场方向和转子电场方向在120度电动角度 - 电动机 - 电动机 - 电动机连续旋转旋转。
因此，我们知道霍尔有六个正确的状态。
当特定的大厅告诉控制器时，控制器具有特定的相输出状态。
So inverting the phase sequence is to accomplish the task of making the electrical angle of the stator always step in one direction at a 60 degree electrical angle.
★ What happens if a 60 degree brushless controller is used on a 120 degree brushless motor? And vice versa?
A: Both will result in phase loss and will not rotate normally;
However, the controller used by JENNER is an intelligent brushless controller that can automatically identify 60 degree motors or 120 degree electric motors, thus making it compatible with both types of electric motors and making maintenance and replacement more convenient.
★How can the DC brushless controller and DC brushless motor be inverted to the correct phase sequence?
A: The first step is to ensure that the power and earth wires of the Hall line are plugged in with the corresponding lines on the controller.
While the three motor Hall lines and the three motor lines have a total of 36 connections to the controller, the simplest and dumbest method is to test each state one by one.
When changing connections can be done without power, but must be careful, but also in a certain order.
Be careful not to twist too much each time, if the motor does not rotate smoothly, then this state is not right, turn the twist is too big to damage the controller.
如果情况逆转，则在知道控制器的相位序列的情况下，是交换控制器霍尔线A，C，单击“ A相位A相位和B相位交换”，可以倒置为正旋转。
当电动机以高电流运行时，正确连接方法的最终验证是正常的。
★如何用120度无刷控制器控制60度电动机？
答：在无刷电动机的霍尔信号线的B相和控制器的采样信号线之间添加方向线。
★拉丝高速电机和拉丝低速电机之间的直观差异是什么？
回答。
A. High-speed motors have an overrunning clutch, which makes it easy to turn in one direction and exhausting to turn in the other; low-speed electric motors turn buckets in both directions as easily.
B. High speed motors are noisier when the car is turning, low speed electric motors are less noisy.
Experienced people can easily identify them by ear.
★What is the rated running state of a motor?
A. When the motor is running, if all physical quantities are the same as its rated value, it is called rated running condition.
Working under rated running condition, the electric motor can run reliably and has the best overall performance.
★How is the rated torque of the motor calculated?
答：点击轴上的额定扭矩输出可以表示为T2N，其大小是输出的机械功率等级除以传输的速度额定值，即t2n = pn，其中pn在w中，nn为r/min，t2n在r/min中，t2n在n.m中为n.m，如果n.m在n.m中，则pnm in kN，如果Pnm在kN中，则为9.55 fives 9.55为9550。
因此，可以得出结论，如果电动机的额定电力相等，则最常用的电动机的速度越低，扭矩越大。
★AC感应电机的起始电流的定义是什么？
A: Generally, the starting current of electrical motors must not exceed 2-5 times its rated current, which is an important reason why current limiting protection is applied to the controller.
★Why are the speeds of electrical motors on the market getting higher and higher? What are the implications?
A: On the supplier's side, speed can be increased to reduce costs, the same low-speed motor, high speed coil turns will be less, but also save silicon steel, the number of magnets is also less, the buyer thinks that high speed is good.
Rated speed work, its power remains the same, but in the low speed zone when the efficiency is obviously low, that is, starting powerless.
Low efficiency requires high current to start and high direct current when riding, which requires high current limiting for the controller and is not good for the battery.
★How to repair the abnormal heat condition of the motor?
A: The repair treatment is usually to replace the electric motor, or to carry out maintenance.
★The no-load current of the electric motor is greater than the reference table limit data indicates that the motor is faulty, what are the causes? How to repair?
A: Click on the internal mechanical friction; coil local short circuit; magnet demagnetization; DC motor phase changer carbon accumulation.
The repair treatment is generally to replace the motor, or replace the carbon brush and clean up the carbon accumulation.
★What is the maximum limit no-load current of various motors without fault?
Electric Motor type rated voltage 24V rated voltage 36V
Side-hung motor 2.2A 1.8A
High-speed brushed motor 1.7A 1.0A
Low-speed brushed motor 1.0A 0.6A
High-speed brushless motor 1.7A 1.0A
Low-speed brushless motor 1.0A 0.6A
★How to measure the electric motor idling current?
A: Place the multimeter in the 20A position and connect the red and black meter pens in series to the power input of the controller.
Turn on the power and record the maximum alternating current A1 of the multimeter at this point without the motor turning.
旋转手柄，以使电动机在无负载的高速上旋转超过10秒，等待电动机速度稳定，然后开始观察并记录此时数量中A2的最大值。电动机无负载电流= A2-A1。
比较电动汽车的常用电机。
电动机形式驱动器形式运动效率攀登性能维护周期数量维护内容噪声成本
无牙无刷的低速外转子电动机，直接驱动> 80％一般没有大小不小。
无刷牙齿的高速无刷电机，降低行星齿轮> 83％良好大约3年的小型润滑齿轮中等。
拉丝和牙齿高速拉丝电动机，降低2阶段的齿轮 < 78% good about 1 year large replacement of carbon brushes, lubricated gears large high
Brushless low-speed brush outer rotor motor, direct drive 〈76% poor 2 years or so small replacement of carbon brushes, clean carbon small low.
★ How to identify the electric motor is good or bad? Key to see which parameters?
A: Mainly the size of the no-load current and riding current, compared with the normal value, and the motor energy efficiency and torque, as well as the electric motor noise, vibration and heat, the best way is to use a dynamometer to test the energy efficient curve.
★ What is the difference between 180W and 250W motors? What are the requirements for the controller?
A: The 250W has a high riding current and requires a higher power margin and reliability from the controller.
★Why does the riding current of an electric vehicle vary under standard conditions depending on the motor rating?
A: It is well known that under standard conditions, with a rated load of 160W, the riding current on a 250W DC motor is around 4 - 5A, while on a 350W DC motor the riding current is slightly higher.
As an example: if the battery voltage is 48V and both motors are 250W and 350W with a rated efficiency point of 80%, the rated operating current for a 250W motor is around 6.5A and for a 350W motor around 9A.
电动机的一般效率点是，工作电流越偏离额定运行电流，值越小，并且在4-5a的负载下，250W电动机的效率为70％，350W电动机的效率为60％，然后在5a的负载下
250W的输出功率为48V*5A*70％= 168W
350W的输出功率为48V*5A*60％= 144W
350W电动机必须增加其电源，以满足168W的输出功率要求（几乎是额定负载），从而增加了效率点。
为什么在同一环境中，350W电动机的范围比250W电动机的电动机短？
答：由于电流高，在同一环境中，350W电动机的范围比250W的电动机短。
★电动自行车制造商应该如何为电动汽车选择电动机？根据选择选举RIC电机？
答：电动自行车的最关键因素是运动功率等级的选择。
电机功率评级选择通常分为三个步骤。
第一步是计算负载功率P
第二步，根据负载电力电子设备，预选电动机功率等级和其他。
在第三步中，预选的电动机进行校准。
通常，首先检查加热温度升高，然后检查过载的能力，并在必要时进行起始容量。
All passed, the pre-selected motor will be selected; can not pass from the second step to carry out again, until passed.
It is important that the rated power of the motor is as small as possible in order to meet the requirements of the load.
After the second step is done, the temperature is corrected according to the ambient temperature, the power rating is based on the national standard ambient temperature of 40 degrees Celsius.
If the ambient temperature is low or high all year round, the rated power of the motor should be corrected to make full use of the motor's capacity in the future.
例如，如果全年的环境温度均低，则电动机的实际额定功率应高于标准PN，相反，如果环境温度全年全年较高，则应降低额定功率以供使用。
通常，在确定环境温度的情况下，电动汽车电动机的选择应基于电动汽车的骑行状态。
电动汽车的骑行状态越多，可以使电动机接近额定的工作状态，越好，电动汽车的骑行状态通常基于道路状况。
If the road surface is smooth in Plains, then a low power motor is sufficient; if a higher power motor is to be used, it will cause a waste of energy and result in a short range.
If there are many mountainous roads in Highland mountains, a higher power variable frequency drives motor is appropriate.
★ A 60 degree DC brushless motor is more powerful than a 120 degree DC brushless motor, right? Why?
A: From the market, we found that when communicating with many customers, there is a common fallacy!
They think that a 60 degree motor is more powerful than a 120 degree motor.
We think that this is probably a kind of propaganda by the manufacturers of 60 degree brushless motors. The principle of the brushless motor and the fact that it is a 60 degree motor or a 120 degree motor!
The so-called degrees are just used to tell the brushless controller when to turn on the two phase wires that are on the mind. There is no such thing as who is more powerful than the other! The same applies to 240 degree and 300 degree motors, there is no such thing as who is more powerful than the other.
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